Introduction. Among The Living Writers Of India There Is

Introduction Among the living writers of India there is hardly any parallel to the formidable creative genius of Bhalchandra Nemade. He is a novelist, a poet and a distinguished critic. The impact of his original thinking and the force of his powerful argument on the contemporary literary and intellectual life of India is unparalleled in recent history. His greatest contribution to Indian literary criticism is his theory of Nativism. As a literary critic he has been passionately advocating it. As a creative writer he has demonstrated how theory can be brought into practice. Hence his novels like ‘Kosala’ ‘Bidhar’ ‘Hul’ ‘Jhul’ ‘Jarilaa’ and ‘Hindu’ can be best described as experiments in Nativism. Most of Nemade’s critical ideas have been†¦show more content†¦Discussion: Nemade’s Attack on Bogus Internationalism Before defining his concept of nativism and its need in literature and criticism, Nemade comes down heavily on the hollow and bogus internationalism pursued by Indian writers and critics before and after independence. He admits the fact of cultural imperialism that hampers our growth as a confident society, nation and culture. â€Å"†¦West may not be there, but it is very much there in the mind of the East, and that cultural imperialism does exist.† (Nemade, 2009: 10) Nemade expects us to look into our own tradition to form our own standards to judge the quality of a literary work. He laments the fact that in our times Indian writers and critics by and large suffer from West-worship mania. There is tendency in India to accept all that is Western as modern, standard and progressive. Such a tendency often leads to blind acceptance of Western norms in art, literature, culture, politics, media, fashion etc. Funnily enough such a tendency is mistakenly equated with cultivation of international consciousness. The tendency of West-worship simultaneously leads to looking down upon everything native. As a result those who talk about the worth and value of things native are branded as regressive and fundamentalists. Nemade makes it clear that nativism is opposed to fundamentalism. We need to correct our faulty notions of being modern and international,Show MoreRelatedRabindranath Tagore1006 Words   |  5 PagesHis parents were Debendranath Tagore and Sarada Devi.Rabindranath Tagore was born in Calcutta, India into a wealthy Brahmin family. After a brief stay in England (1878) to attempt to study law, he returned to India, and instead pursued a career as a writer, playwright, songwriter, poet, philosopher and educator. 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Ethical Considerations Associated Free Essays

Ethical Considerations Associated with Plea Bargaining Plea bargaining occurs when both sides in a case compromise to settle the matter before having a Judge or Jury decide. More often than not, the defendant pleads guilty to a crime that carries a less harsh sentence than the actual accused offense. The ethical dilemma is one of convenience over Justice. We will write a custom essay sample on Ethical Considerations Associated or any similar topic only for you Order Now This approach, however, might cause ethical dilemmas, such as inequality in the Justice system. The courts are clogged, prosecutors are overworked, and there is the constitutional demand for â€Å"Speedy Trial. On one hand you have the courts doing their best to manage logjams, and on the other the need to provide Justice. Plea bargaining is done for several reasons such as, the chances of a lengthy trial or the lack of concrete evidence. Courts frequently bargain away charges that are just in order to get a guilty verdict on a lesser charge because they want the case to go away, or they don’t want to take the risk in a trial because they doubt the conclusiveness of their evidence. Plea Bargains often cut out many court costs and help the legal system move cases along more quickly. This many lead to guilty individuals going free, receiving a fine, probation or a drastically reduced prison sentence for committing a heinous crime. Parties that work on a bargain agreement usually get a lesser sentence than a person who attempts to contest charges through a proper trial. Moreover, Justice can be harmed when the guilty are not properly punished, and this can have a corrosive effect on popular belief in the fairness of the ystem. Whether an ethical dilemma exists with plea bargaining depends on how a person views the ultimate goal of the court system. Those who think the Judicial system should deter crime and work efficiently, see plea bargains as a useful tool. However, those who prize equality see them as ethically dubious. Supporters of plea bargaining may admit to some deficiencies in the court system, however, the often seemly unanswerable question remains; what’s the alternative? How to cite Ethical Considerations Associated, Papers

Citizen Kane Textual Analysis Of The picnic Scen Essay Example For Students

Citizen Kane Textual Analysis Of The picnic Scen Essay e E-mail me if you would like me to do your essays!!!! Directed, produced and starring Orson Welles, Citizen Kane (Welles, 1941), is famous for its many remarkable scenes, cinematic and narrative technique and experimental innovations (Dirks, 1996). Written by Welles and Herman J. Mankiewicz and filmed by Gregg Toland Kane is classed as a fresh and classic masterpiece (Dirks, 1996). Kane is a brilliantly crafted series of flash backs and remembrances centering around the investigations of a dynamic man in a dynamic world (Quicksilver, 2001). Kane draws much of its power from its violation of classic codes and conventions. In his debut masterpiece, Welles uses film as an art form to energetically communicate and display this narrative through imaginative and powerful cinematography, setting, sound, lighting, editing, music and performance. The focus of this essay is the picnic sequence that appears late in Susan Alexanders recount to Thompson. Consisting of 23 shots and lasting for 2 minutes and 10 seconds, this scene signposts the end of the relationship between Susan and Kane. In the previous scene, beside the enormous Xanadu fireplace, Susan is reduced to completing scores of jigsaw puzzles, depicting various outdoor scenes, as an escape from the cold and sterile situation that has estranged husband and wife. However, the couple are denied even the spontaneity and ease of the outdoors after Kanes decision on a picnic (Jaffe, 1979, p. 353). The sequence begins with a medium shot of a joyless and casually dressed Susan and Kane side by side in the rear seat of a Dusenberg. Kane wears a hat and sunglasses representing the day that is visible through the rear window alongside another vehicle. The 15-second blues-style musical cue begins during the fade from Kane at Xanadu to the first shot of this scene with muted trumpets playing in a dark and foreboding manner. This musical motif illustrates Susans feelings and the frigid distance between herself and Kane. Whilst travelling to the picnic the distant couple continue to argue and, as punctuation on Susans line You never give me anything I really care about, trombones join the trumpets and distort the motif, highlighting Kanes irrevocable authoritarianism and the uselessness of Susans efforts (Thomas, 1992, p. 189). Susans monotone delivery and the sideways glance that she receives from Kane (through tinted glasses) also demonstrate this. Linked by a dissolve, the following frame is a linear shot in deep focus with the bright light of midday casting thick, black shadows directly under the line of cars. A new variant of muted trumpets makes the rigid, lugubrious and seemingly infinite stream of cars on the beach look much like a funeral procession in their black, uniform order. The use of a blues piece in this shot allows a seemingly continuous flow of music absent of any abrupt change in tone or style when followed by the mournful rendition of This cant be love. A dissolve from the shot of the cars to a close up of the face of the singer in the third shot draws attention to the lyrics this cant be love, because there is no true love. They serve as some kind of existential comment on not only the relationship between Susan and Kane but also Kanes life. Using deep-focus cinematography, the mise-en-scene becomes vital in directing the attention of the audience; In this style it is not the lens that makes the arrangements for our eye, it is our mind that is compelled to follow the dramatic spectrum in its entirety (Bazin, 1996, p. 233). The appearance of a formally dresses Raymond, the butler from Xanadu, commands our attention, his black suit standing out amongst the other casually dressed guests. The way that the camera seemingly follows him as it pans left in deep focus of the festivities makes the viewer aware of the space. Also, we expect that, as in the past, Raymond will lead us to Kane. Our uneasy couple is unable to leave Xanadu behind and so it travels with them in the form of staff and finery. .uf19ce79f2586b719777a61cdc065eb6b , .uf19ce79f2586b719777a61cdc065eb6b .postImageUrl , .uf19ce79f2586b719777a61cdc065eb6b .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uf19ce79f2586b719777a61cdc065eb6b , .uf19ce79f2586b719777a61cdc065eb6b:hover , .uf19ce79f2586b719777a61cdc065eb6b:visited , .uf19ce79f2586b719777a61cdc065eb6b:active { border:0!important; } .uf19ce79f2586b719777a61cdc065eb6b .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uf19ce79f2586b719777a61cdc065eb6b { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uf19ce79f2586b719777a61cdc065eb6b:active , .uf19ce79f2586b719777a61cdc065eb6b:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uf19ce79f2586b719777a61cdc065eb6b .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uf19ce79f2586b719777a61cdc065eb6b .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uf19ce79f2586b719777a61cdc065eb6b .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uf19ce79f2586b719777a61cdc065eb6b .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uf19ce79f2586b719777a61cdc065eb6b:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uf19ce79f2586b719777a61cdc065eb6b .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uf19ce79f2586b719777a61cdc065eb6b .uf19ce79f2586b719777a61cdc065eb6b-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uf19ce79f2586b719777a61cdc065eb6b:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Dangerous Mind Essay Balancing this shot are the luminous tents, delicately woven into the everglades. Looking much like an island surrounded by water, the brightest .

Whys and Wherefores Students Should Hire Dissertation Writing Services

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The Effect of Polygamy on the Modern Society

The Effect of Polygamy on the Modern Society Introduction Polygamy remains one of the hotly contested and misunderstood topics in the modern society. The most common practice of polygamy is polygyny, whereby one man marries more than one spouse. Polygyny is common in many societies across the world. However, it is outlawed in the Western World. Cultural and religious factors anchor this practice.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Effect of Polygamy on the Modern Society specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Different studies carried out for decades reveal that the practice has far-reaching negative consequences, and hence should be outlawed. On the other hand, the proponents of polygamy argue that there are many benefits associated with the practice. However, the moral question of polygamy has not been addressed adequately. This essay provides an in-depth discussion of polygamy with a view of establishing factors that contribute to the practice, its consequences, and morality issues. Polygamy is not morally correct due to societal effects Many studies about polygamy are structured on whether the practice should be recognized, banned, or punished through the law. Little has been written about the moral question on polygamous marriage. However, from a moral ground, polygamy is morally unacceptable due to its effects on societies. The first social effect of this practice is emanated from the perceived competition by co-wives. They give birth to as many children as they can, as a way of getting a larger share of the common resources that get shared by the family when it comes to inheritance (Tabi, Doster Cheney, 2010). Giving birth becomes a contest among these wives. Competition in the end produces effects that are injurious to the society. For instance, competition among wives for common resources is likely to culminate conflicts that largely affect societys stability. Polygamous marriages are a burden to men and their wives. A man is deprive d in mind and body due to the heavy responsibility of sustaining a big family. In addition, men dedicate most of their income on marrying new wives. Consequently, women are deprived psychologically as a result of being reduced to physical pleasure instruments. These results in child negligence in that, children are less supported and well maintained by their parents. Parents invest less time and money in the upkeep, education, as well as in provision of critical care for their children (Elbedour, Onwuegbuzie, Caridine Abu-Saad, 2002). In the end, the society bears the consequences of the problems associated with lack of education and proper parenting of children. One common consequence is substance abuse among children due to lack of parental guidance. The early substance abuse affects societies in terms of increased crime rate (Elbedour, Onwuegbuzie, Caridine, Abu-Saad, 2002).Advertising Looking for essay on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first pa per with 15% OFF Learn More One of the impacts of polygamy that have not gotten the attention of many researchers is the scarcity of women. Polygyny denies young and low-status men women because the older wealthier men hoard many women as possible. This results to increased competition, denying young men opportunities to marry wives of their choice. For men to get these women, they have to gain resources considering the perception that wealth attracts women. Competition for women and resources increases criminal cases within societies (McLaren Coward, 1999). In the end, a society suffers from increased robbery, rape, murder, kidnapping, and assaults among others. Marriage provides a foundation upon which a society is built (Waller, 2011; McLaren Coward, 1999). Social relations, obligations, and duties are derived from marriage and society setups. These hold a society together as one unit. However, polygamy cultivates patriarchal principles that drag the whole socie ty into despotism. In addition, patriarchal principles destroy the societal fabric since it is more injurious to female and children (McLaren Coward, 1999). Polygyny disintegrates the social relations, duties, and obligation marriage in the society (Waller, 2011; McLaren Coward, 1999). This makes the society suffer from conflicts that arise due to erosion of societal relations within marriages. Polygamy in various parts of the world Polygamy is a common phenomenon across the world. It is allowed on the cultural and religious basis. Most of the African societies accept polygyny practices from a cultural point of view. On the other hand, the practice is common in Asia due to religious beliefs. However, to some degree, polygyny is practiced in North America and Europe, it is considered illegal (Duncan, 2008). Most of the African societies stretching practice polygamy. Marriages in these societies are characterized by one man getting married to more than one spouse (Moosa, Benjamin J eenah, 2008). Traditional cultures and customs are behind the widespread practice of polygamy in the African societies. In addition, apart from polygamy being practiced as a result of customs and culture, the Jewish and Islamic beliefs also support polygamy in North Africa. This practice is perceived in African societies as a social practice that ensures family continuity from one generation to another (Moosa, Benjamin, Jeenah, 2008).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Effect of Polygamy on the Modern Society specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Women responsibility is reduced to child bearing and childless women are treated with contempt. Cultural practices such as wife inheritance largely contributed to polygyny in African society. Men have to remarry widows or women left without support after death of husbands or guardians. It also perceived as one way taking care of the orphans left behind after death of men. Poly gamy is also very common in the Middle East, Asia, and Oceania. This is typically attributed to the Islamic religion, which is the most dominant religion in the Middle East. The Islamic culture permits man to get married to a maximum of four wives provided he is financially stable to support each wife and her children (Al-Krenawi, A., Slonim-Nevo, 2008). In addition, the societies of Middle East are value stability and family continuity. On top of this, the Arab society is patriarchal with segregated gender roles where a womans contribution is undervalued. Polygamy is illegal in the Western World. However, the practice is common to many societies in this region (Moosa, Benjamin Jeenah, 2008). For instance, there is a general consensus that polygyny is practiced in the United States despite being outlawed. Polygamy in North America is believed to emanate from Mormon fundamentalists. They believe they have to be true custodians of Joseph Smith’s belief that one man needs more than one woman to be exalted after death. In the year 2008, it was estimated that the states of Utah and Arizona have 37,000 polygamists despite the existence of anti-polygamy legislations and federal statutes (Duncan, 2008). Factors that contribute to societies adopting polygamy The fear of divorce, infertility, legal, and how women perceive polygamy, contribute to polygamy in many societies. According to Tabi, Doster, and Cheney (2010), the African women perception of polygyny contributes to them accepting the practice. Most of the African women perceive polygyny as beneficial because it guarantees shared responsibilities in performance of household chores, farm work, and rearing of children. Cultural beliefs have a huge impact on peoples’ attitude and perception. In this regard, attitudes created by cultures play a critical role in encouraging polygamy. For instance, in a study conducted by Awusabo-Asare and Anarfi (1997), most of the Ghanaian women accept co-wives on pos t-partum abstinence basis. Women perceive polygyny positively. To them, it ensures their husbands continue with sexual activities, when one of the wives is still in the post-partum period.Advertising Looking for essay on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Fertility also plays a critical role in promoting polygamy in some societies. For instance, in the sub-Saharan Africa, the failure of a woman to bear children can lead to divorce. Children are so important in the African context and women have to bear children to reaffirm their position in marriage, get accepted by husbands, and share wealth. According to them, children create a bond between wives and their husbands. Infertile women are thus forced to accept co-wives for fear of divorce (Tabi, Doster Cheney, 2010). This contributes to polygamous societies in many parts of the world. Attitudes towards unmarried women also play a critical role in encouraging polygamy. Single women eligible for marriage and divorced or separated women have low social status in polygamous communities. It is also considered as a shame on families and tribes, if one remains unmarried for unexplained reasons. The indignity that is associated with being unmarried women pushes them into a polygamous culture to escape shame and social pressure. Polygamy still occurs today in some nations due to the legal frameworks that recognize the practice. Some countries in Africa have promulgated laws that recognize cultural practices. For instance, in 2000, South Africa promulgated Customary Marriage Act that legalized polygamy in the country (Moosa, Benjamin Jeenah, 2008). Polygamy is now legally recognized through the Act, giving women equal rights in marriage. It is also vital to notice that though the Western Nations legally outlawed polygamy practices, they still tolerate it. According to Duncan (2008), in the United States, the federal and state legislation outlaws polygamy. However, minimal cases of polygamy have so far been pursued successfully. The law is ineffective and unable to clamp down the practice in the American society. There are several positive effects of legalizing polygamy Proponents of polygamy point out that the practice plays important roles in the society, and hence the need to be legalized. In addition, polygamy proponents argue that legal recognition of polygamy will allow fix the negative attributes attached to it. They also argue that the legalization of polygamy will help prosecute cases related to it effectively (Duncan, 2008). On the other hand, opponents of polygamy argue that the practice is out of place in the modern society due to its negative consequences on individuals, families, and society. Proponents of polygamy argue that governments should recognize polygamy as legal because polygamous relationships are beneficial. Firstly, polygamy is thought to reduce prostitution on the street. It is argued out that polygamy offers marriage to women who would have otherwise considered the street prostitution as their source of income. Women are less empowered economically than men. In a society where poverty is prevalent, women prefer getting married in order to share resources with their husbands. Considering that females are more than males in many societies, some women miss opportunities of getting married, and end up in prostitution. On top of this, having more than one wife reduces a mans sexual exploration outside marriage thereby limiting the level of adultery in the society. According to Duncan (2008), polygamy reduces the number of fatherless and motherless children. Having more than one wife or husband is ideal in that, if one spouse passes away, children are left under the custody of the remaining spouses. In addition, polygamy unites more than three families within the society. It enhances cooperation between individual families hence improving social integration. In the end the bonds created through polygamy, promote social harmony. Furthermore, proponents of polygamy point out that the practice helps reduce levels of poverty within a society. There is always the possibility of increased income in polygamous families since each individual contributes to the household budget. In doing these, the level of pove rty is reduced within families. The psychological and physical effects of polygamy The negative impacts of polygamy to individuals and to society are profound. Children and women are the most affected in polygamous communities. Opponents argue that physical and psychological effects explain why this practice is morally wrong (Moosa, Benjamin Jeenah, 2008). The Studies carried out so far point out that polygamy lead to rivalry amongst co-wives. This rivalry stems from competition, jealousy, and unequal distribution of resources (Moosa, Benjamin Jeenah, 2008). This creates an acrimonious relationship between children and wives. It causes psychological problems for children and women. Women suffer from psychiatric conditions such as low self-esteem, loneliness, anxiety, and somatization. Children also suffer due to lack of parental attention. They feel displaced from their parents, which result in emotional insecurity. They also exhibit emotional stress and anxiety more than children in monogamous families (Moosa, Benjamin Jeenah, 2008). How polygamy leads to gender discrimination Most of the contemporary communities practicing polygamy discriminate against the female gender. According to Strauss (2012), a polygamous society imposes strict rules on women. Women are forced by religious, cultural, and familial pressures to forego vocational and educational opportunities. This forces them to enter into marriages as the only option of achieving financial stability. Religious and cultural beliefs require them to be obedient to their husbands no matter the circumstance, in order to avoid divorce. On the other hand, there is great neglect and abuse of children rights. Many societies strive to make boys excel and marry off young girls. This maintains gender imbalances within the society (Strauss, 2012). In addition to the above moral question of polygamy, Strauss (2012) explains that there is a rampant gender bias and discrimination in polygamous societies. Such socie ties recognize and accept that the male gender can marry more than one wife. They deny women from having multiple partners. More so, they do not allow same sex marriages. This elicits the moral question as to why it is morally correct to allow men to have multiple partners and deny women the same right. Strauss further observes that the contemporary polygamous communities promote a sexist culture (2012). Moreover, it promotes hierarchical power relations that limit innovation and individual independence, which significantly cause poverty. Strauss’ opinions about a society allowing marriage of girls instead pursuing different opportunities hold strong grounds. It is morally wrong to force underage girls into early marriages. Marriage should be informed on adequate consent of all parties involved. Underage girls in polygamous communities are denied the rights to choose what is right for them from a very tender age (Wall, 2003). In addition, it is not acceptable for Western soci eties not to acknowledge that polygamy exist in their societies when it does happen. Many individuals in the Western World are ignorant of the existence of polygamy in their society. A secret polygamy case that makes another spouse unaware of its existence is an unethical manifestation of this practice in the modern society. The positive effects vs. the negative effects of legalizing polygamy The underlying positives of polygamy are unconvincing in the modern society. Proponents’ arguments are defective and have limited defenses. The positives are by far outweighed by the negative effects on men, women, children, and the society at large. Polygamy promotes inequalities in the society where the central individual in marriage assumes greater rights and expectations. Husbands having a greater control over the family deny others autonomy, and hence encourages inequalities in the society. It renders one gender as a peripheral spouse, as opposed to the ethical correctness of the ma rriage that encourages equity and shared rights. It is critical to acknowledge that the positive effects of polygamy such as a reduction of prostitution and parentless children can also be achieved in monogamous societies. It is always right to be a brother’s keeper in everyday life. The society is socially bound to take care of its members regardless of the family structure. Parentless children are part of the society and cannot be denounced with the absence of polygamy. However, the consequences of polygamy are permanent and devastating. The injuries to the society such as increased crime, sexist culture, and substance abuse as a result of polygamy are destructive. They can deprive off the social structures that take long to build. In addition, the psychological and physical effects leave permanent marks in an individual’s life as compared to the benefits that are derived from the practice. Conclusion Polygamy is a practice that is still inherent in the modern societ y. It is alive in many societies in Africa, Asia, Oceania, and to some extent in Western nations. Cultural beliefs and customs, religion, and legal factors contribute to rampant cases of polygamy. The justification of polygamy is contested, and the whole concept is misunderstood. Whereas it is acceptable in the majority of societies in Africa and Middle East, it remains a controversial topic in the Western nations. The literature that has covered polygamy calls for its recognition in law or its total ban. The moral question of polygamy remains controversial and little attention is given to it. Though the practice has few positive, its consequences are injurious to children and women in the society at large. Children and women suffer from psychiatric conditions as well as gender discrimination. On the other hand, the society also suffers from increased crime and unwanted behaviors. From this, it can be concluded that polygamy is structurally in-egalitarian that leads to more negative consequences than the positive ones. References Al-Krenawi, A., Slonim-Nevo, V. (2008). Psychosocial and familial functioning of children from polygamous and monogamous families. The Journal of social psychology, 148(6), 745-764. Awusabo-Asare, K. Anarfi, J.K. (1997). Postpartum sexual abstinence in the era of AIDS in Ghana: prospects for change. Health Transition Review, 7, 257–270. Duncan, E. J. (2008). Positive Effects of Legalizing Polygamy: Love Is a Many Splendored Thing, The. Duke Journal of Gender Law Policy, 15(315), 315-337. Elbedour, S., Onwuegbuzie, A. J., Caridine, C., Abu-Saad, H. (2002). The effect of polygamous marital structure on behavioral, emotional, and academic adjustment in children: A comprehensive review of the literature. Clinical child and family psychology review, 5(4), 255-271. McLaren, J., Coward, H. G. (1999). Religious conscience, the state, and the law: Historical contexts and contemporary significance. Albany: State University of New Yo rk Press. Moosa, M. Y. H., Benjamin, R., Jeenah, F. Y. (2008). A review of multi-spousal relationships-psychosocial effects and therapy. South African Journal of Psychiatry, 12(2), 12-14. Strauss, G. (2012). Is Polygamy Inherently Unequal? Ethics, 122(3), 516-544. Tabi, M., M., Doster, C. Cheney, T. (2010). A qualitative study of women in polygynous marriages. International Nursing Review, 57, 121–127. Wall, T. F. (2003). Thinking critically about moral problems. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth. Waller, B. N. (2011). Consider ethics: Theory, readings, and contemporary issues. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall.

Homeschooling Kindergarten - Tips and Suggestions

Homeschooling Kindergarten - Tips and Suggestions When I think of kindergarten, I think of painting, cutting, pasting, snacks, and nap time. I remember my experience as a kindergarten student, playing in the little wooden kitchen with the play food and dishes. Kindergarten should be a fun, memorable time for both the parent and the child. For my oldest child, I used a full-on curriculum from a Christian publisher for kindergarten. (It made the  cost of homeschooling  much more than it had to be.) And,  we did everything in the curriculum. My poor child. It seems that your first   child usually suffers the most while you learn what youre doing as a new homeschooling parent. Homeschool Curriculum for Kindergarten For my next two children I used the following curriculum and programs that I put together myself. Language Arts: Teach Your Child to Read in 100 Easy Lessons We tried Sing, Spell, Read Write first, but the songs were too fast for my daughter and she didnt want to sing and play games. She wanted to read like her big sister did. So I sold Sing, Spell, Read Write and purchased Teach Your Child to Read in 100 Easy Lessons. I liked this book because it was relaxed and easy to use. You just snuggle up in the easy chair together for about 15 minutes a day, and kids are reading at a second grade level when youre finished. Teach Your Child to Read is an inexpensive book, too. I  loved it so much that I have a copy saved for future grandchildren in case it goes out of print! I always followed  up Teach Your Child to Read with the Abeka 1st grade phonics book, Letters and Sounds 1, to ensure that my children retained what they learned. I had them reading in easy readers as soon as they were able. I found it best to have them read books that were a little easy for them so they would enjoy reading. Math: MCP Mathematics K  by Modern Curriculum Press I liked this book because it was cute and efficient. I didnt stay with Modern Curriculum Press, but for Kindergarten, this was my favorite book. I always added whatever hands-on items were necessary to help my children grasp a concept or just to make the lessons more fun. Fine Arts: Art Projects K by Abeka Books I liked this book because most everything is right there for the teaching parent. There is no photocopying to do and the projects are appealing and colorful. Science and history were covered using library books and other resources I had around the house. Gardening and cooking are great science and math projects for young ones. There are many other programs and curriculum options  out there. This is just an example of what I found that I liked and worked for me. I was able to teach kindergarten for about $35 for the year and only $15 for the second child. Do You Need Curriculum When Homeschooling Kindergarten? You may be wondering if you even need curriculum for homeschooling kindergarten. Not necessarily! Some parents and their children like having the guidance of formal lessons. Other families prefer a more interest-led approach for the younger years. For these families, providing children with a learning-rich environment, reading every day, and exploring the world around them through everyday learning experiences is plenty. Continuing with the same concepts for teaching preschool at home is sufficient  for most kindergarten children - read, explore, ask questions, answer questions, and play. Young children learn so much through play! More Tips for Homeschooling Kindergarten Teaching kindergarten should be fun and engaging for parent and child. Keep these tips in mind to ensure that it is: Dont be a slave to the curriculum. Let it work for you. If its not working, its okay to change curriculum.Little  ones can only sit for about 15 minutes at a time. Try scattering your teaching times throughout the day.Keep it fun. If your child isnt having a good day, put school off until later or even the next day.Use play dough, paints, bubbles.Have your child  write his letters with his fingers in pudding, shaving cream, or sand. Kids also love using the white board. Dont limit them to the lines on paper this early. Just concentrate on forming the letters properly. As homeschoolers, we dont have to leave behind the days of cutting, pasting, playing, and painting for kindergarten. Those are perfectly acceptable activities to engage the minds of curious youngsters! Updated by Kris Bales

Conraceptive use Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Conraceptive use - Essay Example Over a long period these studies have turned to be more thoroughgoing and have enhanced in analytical sophistication and size. This topic has been highly debated and researched and still being studied to find out any association between the mortality and the prolonged use of oral contraceptives. However, according to the study conducted by Colditz (1994), the prolonged utilization of oral contraceptives is found to be unassociated with increased risk of mortality of women. This research results seem to be valid and there is no linkage between the use of oral contraceptives and mortality among females as the study has been conducted for a period of twelve years. Through the design selected, the researcher gathered data for 12 years to follow the impact of oral contraceptives on the health of women. The instrument utilized was questionnaire and the responses collected then were further categorized into groups. The number of participants was 166,755 females between the ages of 30 to 55 years and the data was initially collected in the year 1976 that was followed till 1988. The design chosen seems valid for conducting a study over several years but this design does have certain drawbacks. The first and foremost drawback is that it lacks randomization thus causing imbalances in characteristics of patients. Moreover the recognition of cohorts could be difficult because of the confounding variables. Since a particular sample is selected, the masking or blinding is complicated as in the given case all the respondents were registered nurses of ages between 30 to 55 years. Moreover it is always a time consuming option to perform a cohort research as in the given research it took 12 years to get the research results. However apart from the drawbacks the design provides a chance to match the subjects involved in the cohorts thus limiting the impact of confounding factors. Moreover the outcomes of such study can be standardized and

What do UEL students think about the future of university education Essay

What do UEL students think about the future of university education and why - Essay Example Another theme uncovered in the research was growing sentiment that university classroom sizes should be reduced in order to provide better learning and relationship development. Further, there were also beliefs that teacher education would need to be improved in order to build more competent teaching to keep up with the dynamic changes in tomorrow’s business environment. However, these identified themes had very radically-different attitudes about the future of education that conflicted with using them as a foundation for primary research. The most common theme, both in psychology text and general research articles was the impact of debt and financing for tomorrow’s university experience. Due to the commonalities associated with costs and future debt, this study developed its methodology based on this common theme. Review of literature There are many different governmental policy-makers that continue to debate the nature of public financing for education and are current ly working on proposals to change the government involvement in providing tuition and living costs to students with low- and mid-range incomes. One proposal for the future of university education is to create a system whereby student loan debt payments actually decrease based on income changes for the post-graduate (Browne 2010). Why is this important for this study? According to Callender (2002) students who take on considerable student loan debt have very high instances of pathological depression and anxiety about how this will impact their lifestyles. Pathological depression, according to Morris and Maisto (2005) is defined as a mood disorder that includes overwhelming feelings of sadness, social isolation and excessive guilt. Further, those struggling with anxiety have prolonged periods of intense fears that can lead to panic or even social isolation (Morris and Maisto). University educators not only attempt to promote standardized learning, but also to assist students in becomi ng active contributors to the social order. Students who have earned their degrees from the university tend to be more participatory in volunteerism, experience much more social inclusion, and tend to be more involved in community affairs (Greenaway and Haynes 2003). Universities will be limiting their ability to provide more effective contributors to society if lessons on community and sociology are lost to situations of anxiety and depression due to concerns over debt load. Why is this a concern for the future of university education? According to Vasagar (2011), universities are losing revenues today and therefore are planning to charge the ?9000 pounds for tuition that is allowable by current laws related to university enrolment. Concurrently, university costs continue to increase annually by approximately 10 percent, thus the future of funding for education looks to greatly exceed the current ?9000 cap due to inflation and higher operational costs of the university (i.e. facili ty management, payroll and supply chain). Research also identified that complaints about the student loan process have greatly increased from 2006 to 2011. A major supplier of student loans, The Student Loans Company, logged an increase in grievances from students that rose from 1,411 in 2006 to 5,648 in 2011 (Cook

Individual Perspective Paper Essay Example for Free

Individual Perspective Paper Essay Today modern psychology consists of many ideas of science and psychology of the past. Several psychologists have come together to share their perspectives and related ideas for the advancement of psychology. One major influence in early psychology is behaviorism and John B. Watson, B.F. Skinner, and Edward C. Tolman are considered contributors to behaviorisms. These are distinguished psychologists who have different perspectives on conditioning and behaviorism and how their different practices can be used to treat patients dealing with different issues. This paper will elaborate on their perspectives and contributions and show comparison and contrast in psychology today. Over the years American psychology prepared the way for behaviorism to become the dominant force in the discipline. This is a result of three psychologists Edward Tolman, Clark Hull, and B.F. Skinner who followed in the footsteps of Watson. Psychology’s history frequently refers to Watsonian behaviorism that revolutionized in 1913 and was called â€Å"Behaviorist Manifesto†. John Watson was born 1878 and attained a Master’s degree when he was 21. Watson studied philosophy and sought out his own theories about behavior that he referred to as, â€Å"behaviorism†. Watson discovered the school of behaviorism in psychology and was also the founder. Behaviorism is learning perspective of psychology that is idea that all things are organism to included feelings, acting, thinking, and are rewards of behaviors. His theory that is known as classical behaviorism is considered classical conditioning. His belief is, people do not experience emotions; however, they are more responding stimuli. Watson’s idea for classical behaviorism was to produce more objective science (Goodwin, 2008). John Watson became more famous for his little Albert experiment. Little Albert was a child whose parents worked in the laboratory, and his parents had to bring him to work with them every day. Albert while at the lab played with the rat to keep busy. Watson noticed Albert’s behavior with the rat and considered it stimuli. He continued to have Albert play with the rat; however, Watson decided to conduct an experiment that he would hit a hammer this would signify that it was time to play. He conducted about seven presentations with the rat. He created a loud sound that scared Albert, and he started to develop a new response that was fear. The fear that Albert showed became more visible when he was present with other thinks that reminded him of the rat. These thinks could be dogs, furs, men with beard, and anything furry (Watson Rayne, 1920) The next psychologist to come along was B.F. Skinner who was born in 1904. Skinner attended Hamilton College in New York. Skinner was more into English Literature and had hopes of becoming a future writer, however he was unsuccessful. Skinner attended Howard University as a psychology student, after reading â€Å"An Outline of Philosophy† which spoke of John Watson. B.F. Skinner invented what known as the operant condition chamber and cumulative recorder. It developed the rate of response which became a dependent variable in psychological research. With this research Skinner was able to develop a more powerful, inductive, data driven method of experimental research. After these accomplishments he received his Ph.D. in psychology. B.F. Skinner discovered his very own perspective known as radical behaviorism. Skinner’s theory indicated behavior is a result of what was happening in the environment. The behavior would exhibit cause and effect, whether positive or negative. It determined the probability of the reproduction of the behavior. Skinner’s focused on heavy attention regarding schedule of reinforcement. Reinforcement indicated that the more attention given to the behavior, the reward is more likely to change. Once the behavior reoccurred the absence of the reward would decrease the likelihood of it would repeating itself. This type of conditioning is referred to as operant conditioning. It can be said that both Skinner and Watson’s had very similar outlook on behavior; however, they had one major difference. Watson argued against using reference in mental state and that psychology should be a study directly related to the behavior. Skinner rejected and stuck to his beliefs that everything was related to behavior (Goodwin, 2008). The next psychologist is Edward C. Tolman who had his own perspective on behavior which he referred to a purposive behaviorism. Tolman was born in 1886 and attained his Ph.D. at Howard University. Tolman believed that behaviorist methodology was not radical behaviorist like that of his counterpart Skinner. He also believed that learning will occur without reinforcement. He believed that the information that is learned would be used in different environments. The behavior was not only just automatic responses to the stimuli. Despite Tolman’s view with the behaviorist, his view of the subject became known for the cognitive theory of learning. His thoughts were that learning was developed by knowledge and cognition of the environment and its relation. Tolman’s also conducted experiment using lab rats; however, Tolman studied rats running in a maze without any reward and determine his own analysis. Thus he presented his theory that revealed learning could occur with the absence of a reward, and also humans learn without awareness. One the information is available or needed is when the person becomes aware of what has to be learned. His belief is that there are drives that motivate behavior and only when there is a shift in the motives then there will be a disturbance in the behavior. The comparison between Watson, Skinner and Tolman is that the all were psychologist and behaviorist. Their idea and belief is that behavior is the main reason a person function the way they do and the details differ. Watson believed that there is a connection between how people respond to the environment. If a person has difficulty with certain behaviors, psychologist ties to reverse the behavior modification in hopes of desensitizing the fears that would change the behavior. Skinner’s theory is different from that of Watson’s and indicated that behaviors are a result of consequences. He did not believe the idea of inner cause for a behavior, but the reappearance was based on the consequences received once the behavior is present. Skinner perspective is that reinforcement can help to reduce progression of a behavior. It there is a reward every time for the behavior it would eventually decrease. Tolman’s theory regarding behavior is that learning can occur even if there is an absence related to the reward without even knowing that learning occurred. Tolman’s greatest discovery was related to cognitive map. While researching behavior he noticed that thought processes occurred in his subjects. His cognition map is uses among other professions in modern psychology and he is known has the father of cognitive theory. In conclusion, John B. Watson, B.F. Skinner, and Edward C. Tolman are considered behaviorist of some type. The have strong beliefs in there underline behavior and found reason to support their theory. They are all considered the forefathers in psychology and their perspectives are contributions to the way behavior is seen today. Reference Goodwin, C. (2008). A History of Modern Psychology (3rd ed.). Retrieved from The University of Phoenix eBook Collection database. Watson, J., Rayner, R. (1920). Conditioned Emotional Reactions. Retrieved from http://psychclassics.yorku.ca/Watson/emotion.htm

After Apple Picking :: After Apple Picking

After Apple Picking In Frost's poetry any deviation, not only from the iambic foot but from the iambic pentameter line as well, is an important marker of the speaker's state of mind, his control, and his capacity for irony. "After Apple Picking" keeps resolutely returning to pentameter lines, but the speaker is drowsy, and the opening twelve-syllable line - "My long two-pointed ladder's sticking through a tree" - is like the last murmured words before sleep. Of course, it also represents, as does the whole masterful structure of the poem, Frost's own precise control of tone, as he creates a speaker who is precariously "upon [his] way to sleep." This fatigued vulnerability manifests itself in an escalating slippage of control from ten-syllable lines to foreshortened lines like "For all / That struck the earth," or eleven-syllable lines like "No matter if not bruised or spiked with stubble." And as the speaker moves toward an increasing intuition of the symbolic underpinnings of his exhaustion, which is t he result not just of his picking apples but of other more visceral frustrations and fears, the frequency of these variations increases. (Lines 1, 2, 14, 16, 18, 19, 25, 27, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 39, and 42 vary from the pentameter; only lines 18 and 34 are extra-syllabic.) His awareness and fear of this loss of control are manifested in the final lines: The woodchuck could say whether it's like his Long sleep, as I describe its coming on, Or just some human sleep. What he fears is not so much death as the very state the poem has mimicked - that is, a suspension between not-life and not-death where language is narcotized toward incoherence and uncontrol. . . . . Matter . . . makes itself felt even as it capitulates to its own variable nature. If the apple will fall in "After Apple Picking," if it, like the speaker on his way to dreaming, is about to go bruised to the cider heap where it will be pressed into an essence of itself, it nonetheless maintains through all its transmutations an identifiable appleness. The apple holds, against the authoritative prosodic erosion of waking reality into dream state, its own sensual place as an essential ingredient in the spell to which the speaker is succumbing.

My Cv

OBAFEMI AWOLOWO UNIVERSITY ILE-IFE CURRICULUM VITAE FOR ACADEMIC STAFF A PERSONAL DATA: 1. Name:APELOKO David Olubunmi (Surname) (Other names) 2. Date and Place of Birth: 19th September, 1979; Ilawe Ekiti 3. Nationality:Nigerian 4. State of Origin:Ekiti State 5. Senatorial District: Ekiti South 6. Local Government Area:Ekiti South West Local Government 7. Permanent Home Address:Line 1, Modomo Layout, The Dawn B/S, Ile – Ife. 8. Marital Status:Married 9. No. of Children and their Ages:One: 3 years. 10.Name and Address of Spouse: Mrs Olubunmi-Apeloko Kehinde Line 1, Modomo Area, the Dawn B/S, Ile – Ife 11. Date of Assumption Duty: March 1st, 2012 12. Status on First Appointment:Graduate Assistant 13. Present Position: Graduate Assistant 14. Date of Present Appointment: February 28th, 2012 15. Present Salary: CONUAS 01, step 2 16. Date of Confirmation Appointment: Not Applicable 17. If Not Confirmed, Why? :Duration Not Yet Attained 18. Faculty:Administration 19. Department /UnitPublic Administration B. EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND: 1. Higher Educational Institution Attended with Dates: ) Obafemi Awolowo University (2010-2013) b) Obafemi Awolowo University (2003-2007) 2. Academic and Professional Qualifications: a) M. Sc Political Science, Obafemi Awolowo University (2013) b) B. Sc Political Science Obafemi Awolowo University (2007) 3. Other Distinctions and Awards (with Dates): Nil 4. Specialization: Comparative studies, Political communication, Conflict Management, Public policy, HRM and Governance 5. Fields of Interest: Conflict Study and Resolution, Comparative studies, New Media Communication, Public policy Analysis, HRM and Governance C.WORK EXPERIENCE 1. Previous Work Experience outside the University System Associate Lecturer, Osun State College of Education, Ila (Ife Study Center) 2. Work Experience in the Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife Graduate Assistant since February, 2012 till date 3. Courses Taught within the last Academic Session: PAD 301 – Organisation and Administrative Theory (Assisting-Lecturer-in-charge) PAD 306- Traditional Administrative System in Nigeria (Assisting-Lecturer-in-charge) PAD 401 – Local Government Administration in Nigeria (Assisting-Lecturer-in-charge)D. MEMBERSHIP OF PROFESSIONAL BODIES Member, National Association of Political Science (NAPS) Graduate member, Nigeria Institute of Management (NIM) E. PUBLICATIONS: 1. Thesis/Dissertation: i) The Impact of Domestic Policies on Nigerian Foreign Policy under President Olusegun Obasanjo (1999-2007) (B. Sc Dissertation, Obafemi Awolowo University. Ile – Ife) ii) An Assessment of the Role of the Mass Media in President Obasanjo’s Third Term Agenda. , (M. Sc Thesis submitted to the Department of Political Science, OAU, Ile- Ife. ) 2. Review of Book Nil 3a. Published Articles 1.Ayeni O. O. and Apeloko D. O. (2013): Political Party Finance: An Examination of the Three Dominant Political Parties in 2007 Governorship Election i n Ekiti State. JABU International Journal of Social and Management Sciences. Vol. 4. No 1. pp 128-143 ?2. Olaiya T. A.. Apeloko D. O and Ayeni O. O. (2013). Factors in Mass Media, Third- Term Agenda and Governance in Nigeria. American Journal of New Mass Media and Mass Communication. Vol. 10. pp 48-62. b. Published Conference Proceedings Nil 4. Manuscripts Accepted for Publication (a) Apeloko D. O. and Ayeni O. O. (2013). â€Å"Tyrant Democrats†, the Third Term Agenda and the Nature of Mass Media’ Role. Quarterly Journal of Administration. b) Apeloko D. O. and Ayeni O. O. (2012). National Emergency Management Agency (NEMA) in Post- Crisis Management Project in Jos, Nigeria. Nigeria Journal of Social and Development Issues, University of Calabar, Calabar. 5. Manuscripts Submitted for Publication: a) Reporting Human Right Accurately: Panacea for Economic Development in Nigeria b) Apeloko D. Olubunmi and Ayeni O. O. (2012). New Paradigm of Political Violence in Nigeria: M apping the Territory of Theories. . Creative Work: Nil 7. Technical Reports: Nil 8. Papers and Works in Preparation Human Resource Management in Post-Bank Merger/Acquisition in Nigeria: A thoughtful examination of Access Bank Plc. _________________________________________________________ ? Foreign publication F. PROFESSIONAL ACCOMPLISHMENT: Research works on different subjects within the spectrum of politics and administration. G. CONFERENCE ATTENDED 50th anniversary international conference organized by the department of History, OAU, Ile – Ife, 28th-31st October, 2012 on Security Challenge in Nigeria.H CURRENT RESEARCH ACTIVITIES An Assessment of National ICT Policy in Nigeria and the Implication for the Promotion of Good Governance. I. EXTRA CURRICULAR ACTIVITIES Thinking and discussing J. ANY OTHER RELEVANT INFORMATION Duties within the department 1. Secretary, Departmental meeting 2. Assisting Part three Adviser †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â ‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Signature Date

Law Enforcement Today

Enforcement Today Name CJS/200 October 28, 2012 Instructor Name Law Enforcement Today Police departments in today’s society face a variety of issues such as working in a multicultural society, corruption within the department, the dangers involved in their work, such as violence on duty, and their use of force when subduing a suspect, just to name a few. (Schmalleger, 2011). With so many issues to consider, the job of policing our streets continues to become increasing challenging. As society in the United States continues to evolve, this country has become home to people of various ethnic backgrounds and cultures.This creates more issues for police departments when the police department is not diverse enough, and this could lead to racial profiling and language issues. When a police officer is unaware with the dialect or the language of the community, this can make it harder to investigate cases because it makes it tough to find out whether the crime has happen, when it happe n and where it happened. If a police officer considers a person’s race to determine if a crime has happened, or more likely to happen, this is what is considered as racial profiling (Schmalleger, 2011).One solution to this problem would be to hire and train more officers that speak more than one language. Along with racial profiling, officers face another issue within their police departments, which is corruption. While most officers take their vow to protect and to serve seriously, and honor the commitment they took, there are others who do not. Some officers fall prey to temptations such as bribery. The lower salary of a police officer is one reason for officers to accept bribes (Schmalleger, 2011)..Some police officers will take money as payment from an offender for making a speeding ticket disappear, or for walking away from a drug transaction in progress. Another form of corruption would be when an officer denies the suspect their constitutional right to due process by p lanting evidence at a crime scene. Other officers may commit offenses such as drinking while driving, and by using illegal drugs. Their idea that they are above prosecution, because they are a law enforcement officer, is another form of police corruption (Schmalleger, 2011). Corrupt behavior can also lead to violence when something goes wrong.Police officers also face the dangers of violence in the line of duty, as well as the risk of coming into contact with dangerous, or infected evidence (Schmalleger, 2011). For example, when an officer has to respond to a domestic violence incident, there is a real possibility of the perpetrator becoming violent with the officer as well. Officers also need to be cautious of how they handle infected evidence, such as the needles which are used by a known drug user, If a drug suspect has disease such as Aids, an officer can become infected with Aids if he does not handle the needle properly, and inadvertently sticks himself with the needle.They al so face the possibility of coming into contact with dangerous evidence, such as explosive devices. Issues such as these make the officer’s job extremely dangerous. Fortunately, local law enforcement officers have the benefit of a close working relationship with state and federal law enforcement agencies to assist their efforts in combatting crime. Law enforcement at every level share information with the United States Department of Homeland Security, to safeguard the land of the United States from criminal activity which may occur domestically or at the hands of another country.These agencies include The United States of Citizenship – The Immigration Services, The United States Border of Protection, The United States Immigration – The Customs Enforcement, The Federal Emergency Management Agency, The United States Secret Service, and The Transportation Security Administration. The United States of Citizenship and the Immigration Services handle the progression of citizenship, residency, and housing for foreigners.The United States of Custom and the Border Protection is a law enforcement method that puts in force United States borders including land, sea or even air. The United States Custom and the Border Protection watches and enforced the customs, agriculture regulations and immigrants. The United States Immigration and the Customs Enforcement were put into 2 areas. One was to have an investigation of international and national crimes which was called Homeland Security Investigation.The other one was to enforce the removals of immigrants that violate, which was called the Enforcement and Removal Operations. The Transportation Security Administration was known for taking care of the air travel security international and domestic. Also they were responsible for the territory and the water transport security (Department of Homeland Security, n. d. ). The United States Coast Guard was the services for safeguarding our natural resources, defen ding national, and security of maritime.The United States Secret Service is known as an law enforcement that gives safeguard services for vital government officers. The United States Service also protects the United States exchange. Some suggestions on to how to develop the relationship between the DHS the police department is by educating more law enforcement and home land officials about using security and the process about how to use it too. More suggestions will be improving communication by learning different ways to communicate by adding language programs or just hiring a more diverse officer.Another suggestion will be improving is on how well the private security and the law enforcement get along. This matter because this takes an important role in Department of Homeland Security. References Department of Homeland Security. (n. d. ). Homeland Security Information Network – Law Enforcement Mission. Retrieved from http://www. dhs. gov Schmalleger, F. (2011). Criminal jus tice today: An introductory text for the twenty- first century(11th ed. ). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall

Effective Marketing To Mainland China †Marketing Research Paper

Effective Marketing To Mainland China – Marketing Research Paper Free Online Research Papers Effective Marketing To Mainland China Marketing Research Paper In order to effectively do business in other countries and societies, businesses must first do much research in determining the best approach to the partnership. Business is hard enough to concrete in a similar environment like the United States; but adding the pressures of different languages and morals can really put a strain on business relationships and be devastating to the bottom line. Even bigger differences like monetary values, geographical and economical laws can play havoc to a business trying to establish over seas partnerships unless all factors are accounted for. MemberSoft is the third largest producer of operating systems in the world, third only to Microsoft and UNIX. MemberSoft sold 12 million copies of Baileys06, our flagship operating system, and generated 4 million dollars in profit last year alone. The advantage to MemberSoft’s products ranges in value, depending upon what a particular client needs is. We focus on encryption and security in our packages. With much debate on the security breeches of both Windows and Linux, we took security to the extreme and use this as a huge bargaining tool to move consumers to our product. Another advantage to Baileys06 is its ease of expansion and customization. This chameleon approach to software design allows users to build upon and change many functions of their system and gives the consumer many controls they would not have in other OS environments. We feel that this functionality will really give us the advantage, especially in oversees markets. We at MemberSoft are in the preliminary stages of marketing Baileys06 to a new market; China. Baileys06 is our newest operating system ran solely on PC formatted computers. We have had much success in marketing and selling Baileys06 to the American public and due to saturation in the market, we feel that China would be a good place to continue. Due to the vast differences between our market here at home and China’s, we are going to start with an in depth analysis of global, regional and country trends in economy, politics and many other factors that can effect our success in the Eastern market. We will also discuss the needs and wants of the Chinese people and plan how Baileys06 can meet those particular issues. We picked China for our first venture for a few reasons. First, Microsoft, obviously our largest competitor, has a bad reputation in China. The companys reputation in the West as arrogant and aggressive, along with cultural and business blunders and difficulty adjusting to Chinas unique political environment, have caused friction for Microsoft in what is becoming one of the worlds most important markets, according to industry observers. (cnn.com) We are taking the down fall of Microsoft’s reputation in China as a catalyst to booming sales in the East. The challenge will be to not fall into the same traps that our bigger, older brother did. To guard against that, we will start our in depth analysis China’s unique economy and culture. China stretches some 5,000 kilometers across the East Asian landmass in an erratically changing configuration of broad plains, expansive deserts, and lofty mountain ranges, including vast areas of inhospitable terrain. The eastern half of the country, its seacoast fringed with offshore islands, is a region of fertile lowlands, foothills and mountains, desert, steppes, and subtropical areas. The western half of China is a region of sunken basins, rolling plateaus, and towering massifs, including a portion of the highest tableland on earth. The vastness of the country and the barrenness of the western hinterland have important implications for defense strategy. In spite of many good harbors along the coastline, the nation has traditionally oriented itself not toward the sea but inland, developing as an imperial power whose center lay in the middle and lower reaches of the Huang He (Yellow River) on the northern plains. The Chinese leadership began moving the economy from a sluggish, inefficient, Soviet-style centrally planned economy to a more market-oriented system. Whereas the system operates within a political framework of strict Communist control, the economic influence of non-state organizations and individual citizens has been steadily increasing. The authorities switched to a system of household and village responsibility in agriculture in place of the old collectivization increased the authority of local officials and plant managers in industry, permitted a wide variety of small-scale enterprises in services and light manufacturing, and opened the economy to increased foreign trade and investment. China thus has periodically backtracked, retightening central controls at intervals. The government has struggled to sustain adequate jobs growth for tens of millions of workers laid off from state-owned enterprises, migrants, and new entrants to the work force; reduce corruption and other economic crimes; and keep afloat the large state-owned enterprises, many of which had been shielded from competition by subsidies and had been losing the ability to pay full wages and pensions. From 80 to 120 million surplus rural workers are adrift between the villages and the cities, many subsisting through part-time, low-paying jobs. Popular resistance, changes in central policy, and loss of authority by rural cadres have weakened Chinas population control program, which is essential to maintaining long-term growth in living standards. Another long-term threat to growth is the deterioration in the environment, notably air pollution, soil erosion, and the steady fall of the water table especially in the north. China continues to lose arable land because of erosion and economic development. Beijing says it will intensify efforts to stimulate growth through spending on infrastructure such as water supply and power grids and poverty relief and through rural tax reform. Accession to the World Trade Organization helps strengthen its ability to maintain strong growth rates but at the same time puts additional pressure on the hybrid system of strong political controls and growing market influences. China has benefited from a huge expansion in computer Internet use. Foreign investment remains a strong element in Chinas remarkable economic growth. Growing shortages of electric power and raw materials will hold back the expansion of industrial output. Because of limited interaction among regions, the great variety of geographic zones in China, and the broad spectrum of technologies in use, areas differed widely in economic activities, organizational forms, and prosperity. Within any given city, enterprises ranged from tiny, collectively owned handicraft units, barely earning subsistence level incomes for their members, to modern state-owned factories, whose workers received steady wages plus free medical care, bonuses, and an assortment of other benefits. The agricultural sector was diverse, accommodating well-equipped, specialized households that supplied scarce products and services to local markets; wealthy suburban villages specializing in the production of vegetables, pork, poultry, and eggs to sell in free markets in the nearby cities; fishing villages on the seacoast; herding groups on the grasslands of Nei Monggol Autonomous Region (Inner Mongolia); and poor, struggling grain-producing villages in the arid mountains of Sha anxi and Gansu provinces. The economy had progressed in major ways since 1949, but after four decades experts in China and abroad agreed that it had a great distance yet to go. The first few years of the reform program were designated the period of readjustment, during which key imbalances in the economy were to be corrected and a foundation was to be laid for a well-planned modernization drive. The major goals of the readjustment process were to expand exports rapidly; overcome key deficiencies in transportation, communications, coal, iron, steel, building materials, and electric power; and redress the imbalance between light and heavy industry by increasing the growth rate of light industry and reducing investment in heavy industry. The government also actively encouraged the establishment of collectively owned and operated industrial and service enterprises as a means of soaking up some of the unemployment among young people and at the same time helping to increase supplies of light industrial products. Individual enterprisetrue capitalismalso was allowed, after having virtually disappeared during the Cultural Revolution, and independent cobblers, tailor s, tinkers, and vendors once again became common sights in the cities. Foreign-trade procedures were greatly eased, allowing individual enterprises and administrative departments outside the Ministry of Foreign Trade (which became the Ministry of Foreign Economic Relations and Trade in 1984) to engage in direct negotiations with foreign firms. A wide range of cooperation, trading, and credit arrangements with foreign firms were legalized so that China could enter the mainstream of international trade. Although the reform program achieved impressive successes, it also gave rise to several serious problems. One problem was the challenge to party authority presented by the principles of free market activity and professional managerial autonomy. Another difficulty was a wave of crime, corruption, andin the minds of many older peoplemoral deterioration caused by the looser economic and political climate. The most fundamental tensions were those created by the widening income disparities between the people who were getting rich and those who were not and by the pervasive threat of inflation. These concerns played a role in the political struggle that culminated in party general secretary Hu Yaobangs forced resignation in 1987. Following Hus resignation, the leadership engaged in an intense debate over the future course of the reforms and how to balance the need for efficiency and market incentives with the need for government guidance and control. The commitment to further reform was af firmed, but its pace, and the emphasis to be placed on macroeconomic and microeconomic levers, remained objects of caution. The banking system was centralized early on under the Ministry of Finance, which exercised firm control over all financial services, credit, and the money supply. During the 1980s the banking system was expanded and diversified to meet the needs of the reform program, and the scale of banking activity rose sharply. New budgetary procedures required state enterprises to remit to the state only a tax on income and to seek investment funds in the form of bank loans. Between 1979 and 1985, the volume of deposits nearly tripled and the value of bank loans rose by 260 percent. By 1987 the banking system included the Peoples Bank of China, Agricultural Bank, Bank of China (which handled foreign exchange matters), China Investment Bank, China Industrial and Commercial Bank, Peoples Construction Bank, Communications Bank, Peoples Insurance Company of China, rural credit cooperatives, and urban credit cooperatives. The Peoples Bank of China was the central bank and the foundation of the banking system. Although the bank overlapped in function with the Ministry of Finance and lost many of its responsibilities during the Cultural Revolution, in the 1970s it was restored to its leading position. As the central bank, the Peoples Bank of China had sole responsibility for issuing currency and controlling the money supply. It also served as the government treasury, the main source of credit for economic units, the clearing center for financial transactions, the holder of enterprise deposits, the national savings bank, and a ubiquitous monitor of economic activities. China’s economic miracle over the past two decades has produced an environmental disaster with skyrocketing rates of air and water pollution, severe land degradation, and increasing resource scarcity. This environmental crisis is engendering a range of other social, political, and economic challenges within China. China’s environmental enforcement remains unequal to the challenge. There are significant opportunities for the United States to assist China’s environmental protection effort in ways that serve core U.S. political and economic priorities. China’s pollution and environmental degradation are also transforming the social, political, and economic landscape of China by incurring costs to Chinese economic productivity, engendering waves of internal migration, contributing to wide scale public health problems, and leading to social unrest. In terms of air quality, China’s overwhelming reliance on coal for almost three-quarters of its energy needs has made its air quality among the worst in the world. Almost two-thirds of Chinese cities tested failed to achieve standards set by the World Health Organization for acceptable levels of total suspended particulates, which are the primary culprit in respiratory and pulmonary diseases. Acid rain, resulting from sulfur dioxide emissions from coal burning, affects over one-fourth of China’s land, including one-third of China’s agricultural land, damaging crops and fisheries throughout affected provinces. China’s dramatic growth in automobile use pos es the greatest future threat to China’s air quality. China has millions of cars, trucks, and buses; they suggest that China will have 110 million cars; critically, national standards for carbon monoxide and nitrogen oxide are well below those in the United States. Foreseeing the challenge, the Chinese government is putting into place fuel efficiency standards that exceed those of the United States, and working to experiment with higher standards. In China, health care delivery follows a three-tiered structure set up in the 1950s for rural and urban areas. In 1990, China set baseline criteria for primary health care in rural areas which is largely funded by a reestablished rural cooperative medical care financing system. Financing reform efforts in urban areas are using a model through which contributions are collected from salaries and from local governments and other public organizations. The overall incidence of infectious diseases is more than 500/100,000 people, but associated mortality has declined. Diseases covered by the expanded Programs of Immunology have been controlled, but China is at high risk for viral hepatitis (epidemics of hepatitis A infections occurred in 1988), and incidence of tuberculosis has increased. In addition, the HIV/AIDS epidemic is spreading rapidly with an estimated 50,000-100,000 infected. Parasitic diseases are also widespread, and causes of death seen in developed countries (hypertension, stroke, coronary health disease, cancer, and diabetes) are increasing. With 510 million people living in iodine-deficient areas, iodine deficiency diseases have disabled an estimated 8 million people. China has promised to eradicate iodine-deficiency by the year 2000. The disabling Kaschin-Beck disease is also endemic in China. Occupational diseases threaten nearly 20 million Chinese people, and the prevalence of smoking and alcohol abuse is increasing, especially among young people. By the year 2000, 10% of the population will be older than 60, and 30% of this group will have health problems requiring care. The health care system is, thus, undergoing rapid change to meet its new challenges. China’s gradual transition to a market economy, which has been proceeding for two decad es, has put China among the World’s fastest growing economies. While economic growth has increased Incomes and improved health indicators, as well as reduced overall poverty levels, growth has not been totally benign. Unregulated economic development has also contributed to the devastation of China’s forests. China’s forest resources rank among the lowest in the world. This deforestation has contributed to biodiversity loss, soil erosion, and much of the horrific flooding that China experiences on an annual basis. As China has become a major source of furniture and other wood products in the international market, this too has driven an increasingly profitable but environmentally problematic illegal logging trade. China also supports strong anti-terrorism measures due to concerns about its own vulnerability to terrorism in its vast northwestern territories. As China faces a rising tide of terrorism and separatist movements within its own borders, the government has adopted specific approaches in dealing with the issue. The first has to do with prevention. This involves domestic legislation and sweeping crackdowns on terrorist activities by law enforcement agencies. Another approach is to isolate and demonize separatist groups. The government has depicted them as evil forces and defended its sometimes heavy-handed approach to separatist activities as necessary to protect the social and economic stability of minority regions. Beijing has combined these repressive tactics with efforts to co-opt leaders of minority groups. Internationally, China has sought closer cooperation with the governments of the Central Asian republics. Anti-terrorism has become a major focus of the Shanghai Cooperation Org anization that includes China, Russia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyz, Tajikistan, and Uzbekistan. The six member states have already announced the establishment of an anti-terrorism center. In the past, China revealed as little as possible about the sensitive issue of separatist violence in the huge and remote western region of Xingjian. Apart from anything else, it was highly embarrassed by the claims of local Muslim Uighurs that they were being oppressed and overwhelmed by outsiders in their own land. Beijing was initially very shy about the whole problem, said MJ Gohel, a terrorism specialist at the Asia Pacific Foundation, an independent intelligence think tank based in London. China has waged a continuing battle against signs of rebellion against its rule, though human rights groups say many of those it has arrested may have done little more than practice their religion or defend their culture. Since the 11 September 2001 attacks on the United States, China has not only intensified its crackdown in Xingjian, but it has also felt bold enough to seek outside help. It now describes its once secret and sensitive private problem as an integral part of the war on global terrorism. Chinas emergence as a global economic and trade power has created economic opportunities for Chinas trading partners, but has presented several challenges as well. On the one hand, Chinas economic growth has made it an increasingly important trading partner for many nations. On the other hand, Chinas trade barriers, failure to adopt most multilateral rules on international trade, and the relative absence of the rule of law for business activities have often proved to be major barriers for doing business in China and have been the cause of growing tensions with various trading partners, especially the United States. Currently, China is the largest economic power that is not a member of the World Trade Organization (WTO), the international body that sets rules for most international trade. China has sought WTO membership, but has consistently argued that it should be given fairly lenient terms for joining the WTO. The United States and certain other WTO members contend that China is a large economic and trading power and, hence, must make major reforms to its trade regime before joining the WTO. Chinese officials contend that China is a developing country and should be allowed to enter the WTO under conditions which would allow it to adopt reforms over time. They contend that U.S. demands for trade liberalization are too severe because they would cause widespread bankruptcies of many state-owned firms, leading to widespread layoffs and social unrest. The growth of Chinas economy and the pace of reforms have been of great concern to Congress. Some Members view the sluggish growth in U.S. exports (and the rising U.S-China trade imbalance) in recent years as an indicator that Chinese markets are relatively closed to most U.S. goods and services; they argue that the United States should support Chinas membership in the WTO only if it agrees to significantly open up its markets to U.S. goods and services. Congressional support or lack thereof, for Chinas WTO membership will likely determine whether it will eventually vote to extend permanent most-favored-nation (MFN) treatment to China. Despite any differences in politics and economy, we feel the global market has never been more inviting then it is right now. With vast improvements in transportation and shipping; coupled with the advance of communication tools such as the internet and global cell phones the time is right for global business. We can also save money and easily and cheaply set up cd-rom coping establishments in China to take advantage of cheap labor and decreased shipping charges. Money can break down walls and change the way countries work from the inside. China, in the past so anti foreigner, much like Russia was during the cold war, is learning from history and have started opening up it’s boarder. As stated above, China has almost paranoia of other cultures. We will capitalize on this scare by highlighting the security of our product. The Chinese people demand top notch security and that is what we plan on marketing to them. The Chinese people also have specific ways of doing everything. The ability of our OS to be molded and customized will be yet another selling point to our friends in the East. The Chinese can in effect make their own version of our OS that suits all their needs. To further ensure of our success in the East, we will strongly partner with the Chinese government and will include them in business decisions and any potentially important planning and organizing. The life cycle theory applied to Chinas booming market says that foreign firms can now set their strategies for the growth stage. As investors in the China market we plan to succeed and focused primarily on start-up approaches, cultural issues, Chinese management styles, and the time needed to achieve success. Chinas market has undergone many changes since the late Deng Xiao-ping initiated his open door policy nearly 20 years ago. They have been particularly evident in the past few years as the average, payback time for foreign firms is now 4.6 years, down from 7.4. The government has tightened bank lending in an effort to slow a growth rate that is too steep. State enterprises are now undergoing financial pressures, a phenomenon unheard of until recently. Workers are beginning to accept responsibility as individuals, much as they would in a true free-market society. As the economy develops, the market follows suit. The principal changes can be summarized in terms of the structural c hanges in Chinas market, the countrys improved managerial knowledge, its new generation of managers, and its progression in the market life cycle. We noticed as foreign companies proliferated, competition between them and Chinese firms became fierce; in sectors where foreign firms compete, Chinas market is no longer dominated either by foreign or Chinese firms. However, sales of foreign consumer goods are confined to Chinas more affluent populationthose who can afford to pay the premium prices. Management has been one of the most serious problems in China because of the generation, now aged 40 to 50 that grew up during the Cultural Revolution. They are seen as having an iron rice bowl mentality and, without adequate training in their earlier years, have no respect for authority. They have occupied the most important positions in Chinas state-owned enterprises because of the power they achieved during the revolution. Foreign firms are reluctant to hire or deal with them. But they are gradually being replaced by a younger generation of energetic, hard-working, trainable Chinese who, despite the political training they had to unde rgo, were given more opportunities to study in school. They take pride in working for foreign firms and in adapting to new challenges. They will make doing business in China much easier. When foreign investors first evaluated the potential of the Chinese market, they were concerned about the availability of indigenous laborers and first-line supervisors. Though both are still important, the need for indigenous middle managers and technical personnel, especially in accounting and finance, is now more critical, as foreign investors strive to develop the market they have chosen to enter, enlarge their operations, and establish regional headquarters. No longer burdened with opening the market, they can now look into the details of running operations in the Western way. And as foreign operations mature in China, the potential of the market looks more promising and deserving of further investment. Without question, foreign firms must depend heavily on expatriate managers and staff for their China-based operations because they are importing into China their foreign technology, their foreign management styles, and their foreign economic and financial philosophy. But choosing an expatriate who is unprepared for what lies ahead can be disastrous both to the person chosen and to the firm. Expatriates represent the largest single group of failures in China. They must accommodate the internal pressures from the company for profit as well as the external pressures caused by Chinas complex and competitive environment. As one interviewee put it, Every day is a battle. Succeeding in China takes lots of hard work. Moreover, many Chinese, rightly or wrongly, have a negative attitude toward foreign managers. Expatriates often must make bold decisions while remaining patient, persevering, self-confident, and sensitive to cultural differences. The culture to which they are likely accustomed is often based on individualism and confrontation, as seen through Chinese eyes. Such a culture is at odds with the structured hierarchy of a Confucian-based society, in which those on the lower rungs of the ladder defer unquestionably to those on the higher. It differs in its primary ethic because, despite occasional lip service to the contrary, it is primarily result-oriented rather than harmony-oriented. In the Confucian manner, results are achieved by indirectionan art fraught with ritual both in business and in private, and which takes years to learn. Expatriates are thrust into an elusive world of seeming contradictions where connections (guan xi), which they do not yet have, take precedence over merit. The so-called Overseas Chinese are often excellent expatriate choices because they are able to combine Western training with local understanding and sensitivity. Another valuable group consists of Western-trained Chinese. Although many do not wish to return to China, some are willing to do so. The interviewees stressed the well-known observation that, as a foreign operation matures, it relies less on expatriates because such reliance is less viable and economical. Training young Chinese managers as an alternative to using expatriates is an option. Young, bright, career-minded, eager-to-learn Chinese managers now represent an important alternative to expatriates, who enter the Chinese market with cultural and work-related idiosyncrasies in a foreign and highly competitive environment. Although the cost of training local managers is high, it is often cheaper in the long run. It is also a growing trend as local sourcing replaces offshore sourcing. But in a Confucian-oriented society, the firm must play a paternal role and provide caring guidance and motivation. Young, potential Chinese managers are somewhat like those who matured in Southeast Asia in the 1960s and 1970s. They are dedicated and eager to improve their standard of living, but are fond of job-hopping to better their careers. They also raise cultural issues, as one of the interviewees mentioned, particularly when foreign concepts, such as management. Both interviewees were acutely aware that this issue has acquired high visibility in recent times and is a serious problem when doing business in China. Aside from the unauthorized and unpaid-for reproduction and sale of intellectual property, especially compact discs and computer software, by some Chinese firms (over which the U.S. has recently threatened sanctions,), there is the voluntary transfer of technology by foreign companies when Chinese firms make it a condition of doing business. The problem is exacerbated by the preference of foreign companies for the sharing aspects of joint ventures, rather than the go-it-alone risks of branches and subsidiaries in an environment such as Chinas. There is also the feeling that not sharing technology is a losing game, because the Chinese, like anyone else, can acquire much of it indirectly without the assent of its owner, or by reverse engineering, even though that process is time-consuming and expensive. Of course, what is at stake is the recovery of research and development costs or an appropriate reward for the time, effort, and originality the creators of the technology have expended. Understandably, they wish to be rewarded monetarily if their creations are exploited on the market. But neither interviewee shared the belief that technological know-how should be withheld from a firms Chinese partners. Sharing it has too many benefits for both parties, including increased market share, increased confidence among the Chinese partners in their Western counterparts, and the incentive of both parties to develop new technology to succeed what has been disclosed. Of course, as the interviewees observed, the Chinese are not unique in wanting to feel that they are being dealt with openly and fairly, with their interests duly considered. As part of our research in doing business in China we interviewed various business personnel. The type of technology the Chinese covet most is high-tech. They are also interested in other types of technology, particularly at the early value-added stage. Moreover, because of economies of scale, in some cases the Chinese are unable or uninterested in using their acquired technology anyway because the market is not big enough to justify large-scale production. In other instances, foreign technology is actually protected by the Chinese government, such as that pertaining to national defense. Enhancing the visibility of Western product quality. In many areas, a viable market for foreign products already exists in China. The problem is how to open it when consumers are satisfied with only rudimentary levels of quality and are unwilling to spend more money for higher caliber products. In the opinion of the interviewees, the key to increasing Chinas demand for higher quality goods lies in education, patience, and persistence. As the country evolves, more people will rise above the level of bare existence, and the desire for better quality will be a by-product of that process. Sales and distribution, making consumer products available in China is a major problem, one that is both managerial and infrastructural. The absence of a free market in the past resulted in scarcities. State-controlled retail outlets, manufacturers, and suppliers were often sold out before demand was satisfied. Moreover, centralized government control, rather than actual need, determined, for example, how many trains would run per day and their points of origin and destination. The construction and location of highways were similarly controlled. Without an infrastructure that is supportive of business; foreign firms have tried to be adaptive by using other means such as delivery vans. Unfortunately, solutions of that kind are not very efficient. Moreover, in the past, foreign firms have actually had to export many of their Chinese manufactured goods, either because the government required it as a condition of the joint venture or because their particular consumer markets lay elsewhere. Hence, because there was no great need for sophisticated sales and distribution systems, they were not developed. Although the competitive features of the open door policy have improved matters somewhat, there is still a need for greatly improved sales and distribution networks. Looking to Chinas growing consumer market and the greater freedom foreign firms can be expected to have in penetrating it, our interviewees felt that foreign firms should recognize this need early and initiate strategies to satisfy it China is converting to local sourcing. Our interviewees emphasized the high cost of offshore sourcing on the one hand, and the need for quality on the other. The solution, as they saw it, was for foreign firms to bring their overseas suppliers to China and develop them into local suppliers, thereby minimizing the cost of transportation and production for downstream products. They felt that a joint venture was the best vehicle to use. Actually, the move toward local sourcing has already begun and is another indication that Chinas market is moving from the introductory stage to the growth stage. China is trying to capture regional markets by moving industrial manufacturing sites to the interior as soon as possible. Chinas coastal regions have been the primary sites for the location of industrial product manufacturing facilities. But market penetration by foreign firms is now moving into a second stage, motivated by the plentiful supply of cheaper labor in the interior regions and the support given by the central government to projects that improve the economies there. By nature, of course, the manufacture of industrial products is regional, and the first firm there usually secures the market. Competition for these regions is now in full swing. In response to Chinas hunger for advanced overseas technologies, many multinationals have re-deployed their global strategy and have made China one of their priority locations for R D centers. Multinationals such as Microsoft, IBM, Motorola, Nokia and Toyota have all established RD centers in China. With the expansion of the China market, many multinationals have kept increasing investment in their China RD centers. Statistics show that the investment of companies like General Motors, Philips, Motorola and Siemens to their Chinese RD’s has all exceeded 10 million U.S. dollars. These foreign RD’s also employ a large proportion of Chinese talent. The ministry said high-school graduates and students, who have returned from overseas, have been the main targets for recruitment. The RD’s also have close ties with Chinese universities and scientific research institutions. As part of our companys ongoing effort to embrace the growing pool of technical talents in China to enhance local RD capabilities and to deliver time-to-market, customized platforms and solutions for markets across Asia Pacific and the world. We recognize the citys growing importance as a regional business and technology center and Chinas leading role in the development and adoption of advanced computing and communication technologies. We believe that China has one of the worlds most compelling combinations of RD talents and market potential. As a leading technology market with a growing number of highly trained researchers and technologists, China is creating the kind of dynamic environment that is an impetus to great RD. We are committed to working with the local industry to help bring Chinese innovation into the world. China is evolving from a manufacturing-based economy to a broader, diverse economy and includes innovation through world-class education, and research and development efforts. Asia-Pacific RD Ltd. is a full-scale facility with advanced product development to deliver innovative products designed for China and the world. We plan to recruit and attract top local and global talents and will continue the collaborative efforts with universities and government to support RD programs and cultivate future technology talents in China. With continued strong growth expected across the region, Intel is planning for Asia-Pacific RD Ltd. to employ more than 1,000 employees by the end of 2006. The staff will include software and hardware engineers along with employees who deliver and support products, and manage business functions such as marketing, planning, management and business support services. As an international Chinese human rights non-governmental organization (NGO), HRIC has been actively engaged in individual case advocacy, education, and research for almost seventeen years. Over the past three years, HRIC has also accumulated experience in successfully challenging Chinas state-of-the-art censorship and surveillance system through our E-Activism pilot project. We welcome this opportunity to share our insights and recommendations. NGOs, governments, and the business community share stated norms and values of transparency, openness, and fairness. In some ways, human rights NGOs and IT companies are in the same business, the information business, the business of generating, promoting, and disseminating information-because we share the belief that knowledge is power. The Chinese propaganda, social and police apparatus understands this very well. The presence of US-based IT companies operating in China presents new and complex human rights, business, and corporate social responsibility challenges, including those recently demonstrated by various companies complicity in undermining freedom of expression, access to uncensored information, and the privacy rights of Chinese citizens. Today, even the Chinese government is citing the practices of these major companies as justification for their own censorship and information control. In accordance with the Public Pledge of Self-Regulation and Professional Ethics for Chinas Internet Industry, companies agree to remove any information considered harmful, or which may disrupt social stability from Websites that they host. These sites include blogs, such as that of Beyond not being complicit in contributing to and legitimating Chinese government censorship, the business community and the industry has the same opportunity to exercise leadership in promoting greater openness, and human r ights protections in China through their business practices, their lobbying, and support for legislative reforms. Chinese domestic law must also conform to international law, specifically to Chinas international obligations, including its human rights obligations. In fact Chinese domestic law includes provisions for protections of freedom of expression, press, privacy, and right to criticize the government. The PRC Constitution even includes a much publicized human rights amendment. Article 33 of the PRC Constitution states that the state respects and promotes human rights, while Article 35 guarantees citizens freedom of speech, the press, association and assembly. When assessing compliance with Chinese Law, corporate counsel should undertake a more nuance and comprehensive legal analysis that identifies specific laws, provisions, tensions or conflicts between different laws, and how to address these conflicts or tensions. We feel that the issue is not whether US companies do business in China, but how they operate and what are the relevant guidelines. No one sector has the silver bullet, but the first step is to acknowledge the trade-offs honestly rather than offer self-serving justifications. Engagement and presence in the market alone will not inevitably lead to any particular result except for market access for the companies. Corporate engagement and presence in China will contribute to greater reform and openness only if it is responsible and coherent. Vague, abstract, inaccurate reference to Chinese law and compliance with domestic law is an indefensible justification for undermining human rights. The obligations of companies need to be viewed in light of a coherent framework of the legal and ethical obligations of IT companies that includes the laws of the home country, the host foreign country, and the larger framework of international human rights responsibilities of transnational companies. The partnership efforts of business and government throughout the long process of negotiations around Chinas World Trade Organization accession are a useful example and precedent of what can be done. IT Industry groups should adopt industry wide standards for doing business in countries with repressive regimes. However, unlike the general aspiration Code of Ethics promulgated by individual companies, industry wide standards are only effective if they are specific, include effective monitoring and reporting provisions, and are operational throughout the company. HRIC has also outlined a beginning framework best practices for IT companies doing business in China. There has been a lot of information on the table as to why we picked China. I would like to summarize briefly why we made China our next marketing ground for Baileys 06. First, the versatility of our package in terms of being stream lined to many different needs and even computers. As stated above, depending on what region or even town you might be in, will be seen a large fluctuation in economic, technological and social differences. Baileys 06 is a perfect match for the differences each town sees; this is where Linux and Windows fall down. The security aspect of Bailey 06 is yet another good reason why the Chinese people will be interested in our package. The Chinese people have many concerns with our competitor’s backdoors and virus potential; there is no fear of hacking or viruses with our product. Cheap labor costs and a large body of skilled and unskilled workers is another reason why China is ripe for the marketing of Baileys 06. By actually producing our OS in China, it will strengthen the relationship we have with the Chinese government and can we say, hit them from the inside. We will use their own people to market, train and sell the software, which will greatly strengthen our bond with the consumer. It is this type of out-of-the-box thinking and marketing that will set us up for victory in our new market. On a much wider scale, the Chinese government is quickly opening its arms to outside merchandise. The Chinese people are widely curious about Western products and have the money and resources to purchase them. China is a growing country in terms of economy, technology and socially; making it a prime target for not just MemberSoft, but many western companies like Wal-Mart, Motorola, Microsoft, and many more. The key is to get in quick, capitalize on Microsoft’s bad reputation and become the Operating System of choice for China. That is the most important reason why to hit China first. Now, the reasons for going to China are many, but there are not without its challenges as well. Shipping and transporting the software packages will continue to be a challenge in China. Governmental interjection, although becoming less strict, is still a thorn in the side of anyone wanting to do business in China. I love the expression â€Å"we are standing on the shoulders of giants†. Our research tells us that another challenge for us is to how other western businesses are doing in the East. 70% of current western businesses are either just breaking even or barely making a profit in China. (Bannerjea) Yet another challenge can be with Chinese Operating Systems already in place. Why should I switch from my OS I know and trust, to Baileys06 that I do not know? This will be one of the biggest challenges we will face. China’s different views on intellectual property are another challenge we will face. We are currently working on an on line version of our OS that will only be available on the internet from a â€Å"dummy† terminal. Many companies have worked on this technology and many believe it is the way of the future for all software sales worldwide. This will be a copy proof way of administering our software with no fear of copyright infringement and unauthorized usage of Baileys06. In terms of SWOTT, we just discussed our strengths and weaknesses. For the opportunities; we need to capitalize on the cheap work force in China. Once we indoctrinate a large work force in China, we can use these individuals in two ways. First, as stated above, they can be used to infiltrate the Chinese themselves. Secondly, we can utilize these same individuals to work on other projects and global ventures. They can document what worked and what did not, can write manuals as to organization and goals and manage new groups of teams from other markets and countries. Threats will always come from competitors. In the ever fluid market of computer software, the next big and better product is right around the corner. The Chinese government will continue to be a threat to any western businesses. With strict policy and the constant intrusions and paranoia, it will be a challenging relationship to say the least. The last â€Å"T†, the trends we hope will over compensate in threats. The trend in China is growing economy and technology, backed with an interest in Western goods and services. More and more consumers and businesses are turning to computers for time management and organization. As more computers are phased in, there will be a larger need for Baileys06. The possibility of success of this venture is extremely feasible. With little start up fee, respectively, we should see a large margin of profits and a whole new world of consumer opportunity. As stated in above paragraphs, China is ripe for the picking in terms of prospering from our software package. The time is also right economically and politically as well for our software revolution. Global trends have also dictated that the time is right as well. Global trends correspond to the increase in globalization. Even in China, who lately have been opening its doors to the west and western products and ideas. Technological trends in terms of security and functionality are also right. As stated above, the Chinese put much importance in both security and customizing options; both of which are the cornerstone of Baileys06. Let us discuss now the exit strategy just in case we are unsuccessful in our venture in the east. The first thing we need to discuss is what we have invested in China once we are up and running. We will be leasing our building and warehouse space, so no loss there. We will have at best 10 Mediatechnics Fusion 652 cd copiers which will cost approximately $2,400 a piece. (mediatechnics) These 10 units will be responsible for duplicating all of the software disks needed for all of China. This will be the bulk of products actually owned in China. Other supplies such as blank cds and packaging will be purchased over seas and on a as needed basis. Unloading these Fusion 652 cd copiers will be quite easy on the open market. We can expect at least $1,200 a piece for each of these used machines. When Cortez got to the new world, he burned his ships so his men would work twice as fast; as you can see, unlike Cortez’s men, we would have an extremely easy time packing up, selli ng our cd-machines and heading back home. In the government-oriented governance pattern, as the representative of principal shareholders, the government plays its role more in external governance. Such a role is not reflected via the market mechanism, but finds expression in the authority to appoint operators and managers, the authority to examine and approve major decisions made by MemberSoft, and the authority to exercise external supervision and constraint over the operational activities of operators and managers (for example, appoint the chief financial supervisor, and carry out regular and irregular auditing, etc.). A survey conducted in 2000 by the Chinese Entrepreneurs Survey System shows that since China initiated the reform and opening-up drive in 1979, government appointment has always been the principal form for choosing and promoting operators of state-owned enterprises, accounting for about 76 to 80 percent. This is true of the state-owned enterprises that have carried out reform in introducing the corporate sys tem. A survey of the 30 enterprises trying out the corporate system conducted by the State Economic Restructuring Office indicates that the general managers appointed with the board of directors playing a vital role account for 30 percent, and those appointed with the government or the competent departments playing a leading role, 70 percent (Zou Dong-tao, 1998). A recent survey conducted by the Chinese Entrepreneurs Survey System also demonstrates that as far as state-owned and collective-owned enterprises are concerned, the departments that can supervise and restrict the behavior of enterprises operators most effectively are the higher-level government departments and the financial and auditing departments. Corresponding to direct external regulation over MemberSoft exercised by the government, mergers, acquisitions, takeover and other components of the market mechanism play a much less supervisory and restrictive role in the government-oriented governance pattern. Study with substantial evidence has demonstrated that the state-owned listed enterprises with absolute controlling shares held by the state show less market behaviors including mergers and acquisitions. Even when control authority is transferred, the transfer is primarily via the contractual transfer and allocation of state-owned stocks, not the purchasing form on the secondary market. According to research conducted by Sun Yong-xiang and Huang Zu-hui (1999) on the equity structures of the listed companies in 1991 thru 1998, the more centralized the equity, the less the number of mergers and acquisitions effected. A Chinese official from the Ministry of Information Industry (MII) was quoted saying in 2004, China would likely turn out 48 million computers, a rise of 29 percent over last year. The figure is expected to reach 90 million in 2008. â€Å"If the official is right, then China is going to be worlds largest IT market in 5 years. Our target will be 10% of the computer base for the first year, 15% for the second year and 20% for the third year. Based on the above forecast and our sale goals we calculate our sales for the next three years to be as follow: 2006 2007 2008 Annual sales forecast for Baileys06 as a percent of existing computers 10% 15% 20% Computer units sale 60 million 75 million 93 million Target unit sales 6 million 11 million 18 million Our Capital Budgeting Analysis indicates a great return on investment for the next 3 years. This fact should assist us in securing financial backing from local investors. Although it is feasible for us to secure all our investment needs from our local investors, we are planning on offering Chinese investors the opportunity to invest up to 20% of the total investment value. This move is aimed at improving our business outlook in china. Have Chinese investment in our operation will strengthen the national trust in our brand and thus improve the rate of adoption for our products. Also, with piracy being a major issue in china, having local interest in our company and our product will help us fight the piracy battle more effectively. Giving the growing Chinese economy and the improving trade relations between the US and china we do not anticipate drastic changes in the currency. We are going to contract major banking institutions to manage our hedging and international exchange operation. We will also retain global financial consultants to advice us on such critical operations. Output Screen (This screen is locked intentionally because it contains the formulas for the Input Screen.) variables Year 0 Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 1. Demand 6,000,000 11,000,000 18,000,000 2. Price per unit YUN 500 YUN 515 YUN 530 3. Total revenue =(1)x(2) YUN 20,000,000 YUN 5,665,000,000 YUN 9,540,000,000 4. Variable cost per unit (VC) YUN 25 YUN 25 YUN 25 5. Total VC = (1) x (4) YUN 1,000,000 YUN 275,000,000 YUN 450,000,000 6. Annual lease expense YUN 2,000,000 YUN 2,000,000 YUN 2,000,000 7. Other fixed annual expenses YUN 2,800,000 YUN 2,800,000 YUN 2,800,000 8. Noncash expense (depreciation) YUN 5,000,000 YUN 5,000,000 YUN 5,000,000 9. Total expenses=5+6+7+8 YUN 10,800,000 YUN 284,800,000 YUN 459,800,000 10. EBT of subsidiary= (3)-(9) YUN 9,200,000 YUN 5,380,200,000 YUN 9,080,200,000 11. Host government tax 30% YUN 2,760,000 YUN 1,614,060,000 YUN 2,724,060,000 12. EAT of subsidiary= (10)-(11) YUN 6,440,000 YUN 3,766,140,000 YUN 6,356,140,000 13. Net cash flow to subsidiary YUN 11,440,000 YUN 3,771,140,000 YUN 6,361,140,000 14. S$ remitted by subsidiary 100% YUN 11,440,000 YUN 3,771,140,000 YUN 6,361,140,000 15. Tax withholding on remitted funds 10% YUN 1,144,000 YUN 377,114,000 YUN 636,114,000 16. S$ remitted after withholding YUN 10,296,000 YUN 3,394,026,000 YUN 5,725,026,000 17. Salvage value YUN 0 YUN 0 YUN 52,000,000 18. Exchange rate $0.12 $0.54 $0.56 19. Cash flow to parent ($25,000,000) $1,235,520 $1,832,774,040 $3,235,134,560 20. PV of parent cash flow 20% $1,029,600 $1,272,759,750 $1,872,184,352 21. Initial investment by parent ($25,000,000) $0 $0 $0 22. Cumulative NPV: (Existing rate #1, Most-Likely) ($23,970,400) $1,248,789,350 $3,120,973,702 22a. Cumulative NPV: (Est. rate#2, Best-Case) ($23,284,000) $448,108,500 $1,116,745,769 22b. Cumulative NPV: (Est. rate#3, Worst-Case) ($22,426,000) $684,662,750 $1,678,590,875 References http://archives.cnn.com/2000/TECH/computing/02/23/microsoft.china.idg/ http://sedac.ciesin.org/china/ Branine, M. (1996), Observations on training and management development in the Peoples Republic of China Personnel Review, Vol.25, No.1, 1996, pp.25-39 Roy F. Grow, Reconsidering The China Market: Guidelines For Success, Euro-Asia Business Review, 6, 4 (1987), pp. 9-14. 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